Neutron research in the fight against viral diseases: Covid-19, AIDS, Influenza and others

*Proton transfer and drug binding details revealed in neutron diffraction studies of wild-type and drug resistant HIV-1 protease.* CREDIT: ILL/Methods in Enzymology

As with HIV before it, Europe’s advanced neutron sources will make an essential contribution to the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Modern analytical tools such as synchrotron X-ray radiation, cryo-electron microscopy and neutron scattering work together to provide indispensable insights into the morphology and functionality of viruses. Neutron scattering’s particular role here is to provide unique information on the chemistry of enzymatic reactions that often involve proton transfer. Recent studies on HIV-1 protease, an enzyme essential for the life-cycle of the HIV virus, perfectly illustrate the case. To fight Covid-19, a variety of neutron scattering methods will be required to get the full picture of the “invisible enemy” the world has found itself at war with.

LENS fighting COVID-19

Here we offer a selection of both groundbreaking and recent articles and papers demonstrating the impact of research at Europe’s large-scale neutron facilities on humanity’s persistent battle against viruses.

LENS and the fight against Covid-19: How neutrons will contribute

As with HIV before it, Europe’s advanced neutron sources will make an essential contribution to the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
H. Schober et al. March 2020; https://www.lens-initiative.org/2020/03/27/lens-fighting-covid-19-how-neutrons-will-contribute/

Neutron sources join the fight against COVID-19

Advanced neutron facilities such as the Institut Laue-Langevin are gearing up to enable a deeper understanding of the structural workings of SARS-CoV-2.
Mathew Blakely and Helmut Schober. CERN Courier, 7 July 2020; https://cerncourier.com/a/neutron-sources-join-the-fight-against-covid-19/

World’s physics instruments turn their focus to COVID-19

Scientists are employing x rays, electrons, and neutrons to decipher and disable the molecular machinery of the novel coronavirus.
David Kramer. Physics Today 73, 5, 22 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4470

Large-scale research facilities in Lund help tackle SARS CoV-2 viral genome replication machinery

Priority rapid access at large-scale facilities ESS and MAX IV Laboratory helped to enable this research aiming to inhibit the replication of the SARS CoV-2 virus responsible for Covid-19.
ESS. May 2020; https://europeanspallationsource.se/article/2020/05/14/large-scale-research-facilities-lund-help-tackle-sars-cov-2-viral-genome

Neutrons key to discovering new HIV drugs? An interview with Dr Matthew Blakeley

THOUGHT LEADERS SERIES...insight from the world’s leading experts.
A. Cashin-Garbutt. News-Medical Life Sciences, July 2016; https://www.news-medical.net/news/20160721/Neutrons-key-to-discovering-new-HIV-drugs-An-interview-with-Dr-Matthew-Blakeley.aspx

Neutrons probe structure of enzyme critical to development of next-generation HIV drugs

A team led by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory used neutron analysis to better understand a protein implicated in the replication of HIV, the retrovirus that causes AIDS.
J. Rumsey. Phys.org, May 2016; https://phys.org/news/2016-05-neutrons-probe-enzyme-critical-next-generation.html

Fighting HIV with neutrons

When thinking about diffraction studies, X-rays most often come to mind, but neutrons can also provide important structural information – and could help in the fight against HIV.
M. Blakely. Science in School, February 2015; https://www.scienceinschool.org/content/fighting-hiv-neutrons

Neutron study aims to improve HIV drugs

A neutron study of a common component of HIV drugs has revealed that the component is not as good at bonding as had been thought.
J. Cartwright. Physics World, August 2013; https://physicsworld.com/a/neutron-study-aims-to-improve-hiv-drugs/

In the Spotlight: Neutron Crystallography

The potential has been acutely demonstrated in a recent study of interactions between a common clinical inhibitor and HIV-1 protease – an enzyme essential for the replication of the virus.
European Biopharmaceutical Review, Spring 2014; http://www.samedanltd.com/magazine/12/issue/215/article/3787

Neutron crystallography aids in drug design

Neutron crystallography can prove vital towards a better understanding of many biological processes, such as enzyme mechanisms and can help guide structure-based drug design.
International Union of Crystallography. ScienceDaily, September 2016; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160907112353.htm

Visualizing Tetrahedral Oxyanion Bound in HIV-1 Protease Using Neutrons: Implications for the Catalytic Mechanism and Drug Design

Mukesh Kumar, Kalyaneswar Mandal, Matthew P. Blakeley, Troy Wymore, Stephen B. H. Kent, John M. Louis, Amit Das, and Andrey Kovalevsky. ACS Omega 2020; https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00835

Proton transfer and drug binding details revealed in neutron diffraction studies of wild-type and drug resistant HIV-1 protease

Kovalevsky A, Gerlits O, Beltran K, Weiss KL, Keen DA, Blakeley MP, Louis JM, Weber IT. Methods Enzymol. (2020) 634, 257-279; https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2019.12.002

Structure determination of the myristoylated human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Gag matrix

Biointerphases 12, 02D408 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4983155

Room temperature neutron crystallography of drug resistant HIV-1 protease uncovers limitations of X-ray structural analysis at 100K

Gerlits OO, Keen DA, Blakeley MP, Louis JM, Weber IT, Kovalevsky AY. J. Medicinal Chemistry (2017) 60(5): 2018–2025; https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01767

Joint X-ray/neutron crystallographic study of HIV-1 protease with clinical inhibitor amprenavir – insights for drug design

Weber IT, Waltman MJ, Mustyakimov M, Blakeley MP, Keen DA, Ghosh AK, Langan P, Kovalevsky AY. J. Medicinal Chemistry (2013) 56(13): 5631–5635; https://doi.org/10.1021/jm400684f

The helix-to-sheet transition of an HIV-1 fusion peptide derivative changes the mechanical properties of lipid bilayer membranes

William T. Heller, Piotr A. Zolnierczuk; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.004

Influenza and SANS: Large-Scale Conformational Dynamics Control H5N1 Influenza Polymerase PB2 Binding to Importin α
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 48, 15122-15134
https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b07765

Combined results from solution studies on intact influenza virus M1 protein and from a new crystal form of its N-terminal domain show that M1 is an elongated monomer
Arzt S., Baudin F., Barge A., Timmins P.A., Burmeister W.P., Ruigrok R.W.H. Virology 279, 439-446 (2001)
https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0727

Successful reprogramming of cellular protein production through mRNA delivered by functionalized lipid nanoparticles

Arteta MY, Kjellman T, Bartesaghi S, Wallin S, Wu X, Kvist AJ, Dabkowska A, Székely N, Radulescu A, Bergenholtz J, Lindfors L. PNAS (2018) 115(15): E3351–E3360; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29588418/

Investigation of charge ratio variation in mRNA – DEAE-dextran polyplex delivery systems

C. Siewert, H. Haas, T. Nawroth, A. Ziller, S.S. Nogueira, M.A. Schroer, C.E. Blanchet, D.I. Svergun, A. Radulescu, F. Bates, Y. Huesemann, M.P. Radsak, U. Sahin, P. Langguth. Biomaterials 192 (2019) 612–620; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.

Coupling neutron reflectivity with cell-free protein synthesis to probe membrane protein structure in supported bilayers
Soranzo, T., Martin, D.K., Lenormand, J. et al. Coupling neutron reflectivity with cell-free protein synthesis to probe membrane protein structure in supported bilayers. Sci Rep 7, 3399 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03472-8

Neutrons reveal hidden secrets of the hepatitis C virus
https://www.ill.eu/news-press-events/press-corner/press-releases/neutrons-reveal-hidden-secrets-of-the-hepatitis-c-virus/

Intrinsic disorder in measles virus nucleocapsids
Jensen M.R., Communie G., Ribeiro Jr E.A., Martinez N., Desfosses A., Salmon L., Mollica L., Gabel F., Jamin M., Longhi S., Ruigrok R.W., Blackledge M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108, 9839-9844 (2011)
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103270108

Fusion of raft-like lipid bilayers operated by a membranotropic domain of the HSV-type I glycoprotein gH occurs through a cholesterol-dependent mechanism
Giuseppe Vitiello, Annarita Falanga, Ariel Alcides Petruk, Antonello Merlino, Giovanna Fragneto, Luigi Paduano, Stefania Galdiero, Gerardino D’Errico. Soft Matter 02/2015.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM02769H

Cholesterol modulates the fusogenic activity of a membranotropic domain of the FIV glycoprotein gp36
Giuseppe Vitiello, Giovanna Fragneto, Ariel Alcides Petruk, Annarita Falanga, Stefania Galdiero, Anna Maria D ‘ursi, Antonello Merlino, Gerardino D Errico. Soft Matter 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C3SM50553G

Destabilization of Lipid Membranes by a Peptide Derived from Glycoprotein gp36 of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: A Combined Molecular Dynamics/Experimental Study
A. Merlino, G. Vitiello, M. Grimaldi, F. Sica, E. Busi, R. Basosi, A. M. D’Ursi, G. Fragneto, L. Paduano, and G. D’Errico
J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116 (1), pp 401–412
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp204781a

Ensemble structure of the highly flexible complex formed between vesicular stomatitis virus unassembled nucleoprotein and its phosphoprotein chaperone
Yabukarski F., Leyrat C., Martinez N., Communie G., Ivanov I., Ribeiro E.A., Buisson M., Gérard F.C., Bourhis J.M., Jensen M.R., Bernadó P., Blackledge M., Jamin M. Journal of Molecular Biology 428, 2671-2694 (2016)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.010

Structure and dynamics of the nucleocapsid-binding domain of the Sendai virus phosphoprotein in solution
Blanchard L., Tarbouriech N., Blackledge M., Timmins P., Burmeister W.P., Ruigrok R.W.H., Marion D. Virology 319, 201-211 (2004)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2003.10.029

On the domain structure and the polymerization state of the Sendai virus P protein
Tarbouriech N., Curran J., Ebel C., Ruigrok R.W.H., Burmeister W.P. Virology 266, 99-109 (2000)
https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.0066

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